Table of Contents

B E R I N G I A Beringia Definition & Location of Beringia * The Bering Land Bridge * Why all the interest in Beringia?

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY Glaciation The Processes of Glaciation * The Wisconsinan Glaciation * The Continental Ice Sheets * How Ice Sheets Form Exposure of the Bering Land Bridge Exposure of the Bering Land Bridge: Sea-level * Paleogeography of Beringia: Aeolian Deposits & Permafrost Reconstruction of Sea-level Changes on the Bering Land Bridge Topography of the Bering Land Bridge * Reconstruction of Sea-level Changes Before Inundation * Stratographic Sequence of the Bering Land Bridge * Remnant Highland of the Bering Land Bridge Paleoclimate Arctic and Subarctic Climates * Continental Climate * Maritime Climate * Paleoclimate Indicators for Beringia Retreat of the Cordilleran and Laurentide Continental Ice Sheets Forming The Landscape * One Pathway Opens While Another Closes

F L O R A Landscape The Tundra Environment Paleoenvironment of the Land Bridge-Late Pleistocene Controversies: The Landscape of Beringia * Productivity Paradox * Recent Evidence Evolution of the Beringian Landscape Flora The Succession of Flora in Beringia * Evolution of Flora on the Land Bridge

F A U N A The Rancholabrean Fauna Migrations Across the Land Bridge * Large Fauna in East and West Beringia * Characteristics of the Rancholabrean Fauna * Two Faunal Examples of Adaptations and Migrations to Beringia * Behaviour: Modern Analogues Faunal Extinctions Extinct Fauna of Beringia The Survivors Extant Fauna of Beringia

H U M A N S The Clovis Paleoliths Long Held Assumptions What do we Know about the Clovis? Clovis Migration Routes Arrival From The East: Genetic, Archaeological, and Linguistic Evidence The Solutrean Tradition Arrival From The East: Clovis Origins, an Atlantic Route The Ice-Free Corridor Controversy The Pre-Clovis South America First?

C O N C L U S I O N S Conclusions References Acknowledgements