- Learning: the ability for a grazer or predator to learn about their food from their parents or by trial and error. They may learn a number of different things form what food is eatable to how to get the greatest amount of energy from a host or prey. The more a grazer or predator specifies in food and becomes more parasitic in nature the less likely learning involved in the process.
- Example: Vampire bats learn where on the body to bite their hosts